Islam And The Middle East Essay -- Politics Religion

The current state of governance in Middle Eastern countries is one that demonstrates numerous examples of human rights being violated and preposterous actions being taken in the name of Islam, the most widely practiced religion in the region. In light of these instances the question posed is whether or not religious beliefs should be excluded from the consideration of public policy in the area. Despite the current state of affairs in the Middle East, this paper asserts that religious beliefs should not be excluded from the consideration of public policy as this would involve ignoring the undeniable fact that Islam plays a major role in Middle Eastern public life, it would lead to the better protection of ethnic and religious minorities and it would result in development since the objectives of Islam and public policy coincide more often than not. When discussing the role of religion with regards to public policy one cannot help but recall Max Webber’s observation on the subjec t, where he notes a decline of religion especially in the public sphere. This paper will demonstrate the compatibility and importance of religion with public policy by highlighting the wealth of common objectives that the two share, placing a key emphasis on the interdependence of Islam and Middle Eastern life. It will also explore the high-quality treatment extended to minorities in Middle Eastern states while drawing parallels with Western societies and discussing the incompatibility of Islam and the Universal Declaration Of Human Rights. In stating that religion should be detached from public policy the implication is that governments should be secular. This however is not possible in an area such as the Middle East as Muslims not only perceive Islam as a... ...12 November 2010. British Broadcasting Corporation. French scarf ban comes into force. 2 September 2004. Web. 15 November 2010. Esposito, John L., and James P. Piscatori. "Democratization and Islam." The Middle East Journal 45.3 (1991): 427. Proquest Research Library @ Scholars Portal. Web. EuropeNews. Is Islam Compatible With Democracy And Human Rights Part I. 22 June 2009. Web. 18 November 2010. The Islamic Council Of Europe. Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights. 19 September 1981. Web. 12 November 2010. The Organization Of The Islamic Conference. The Cairo Declaration On Human Rights In Islam. Web. 15th November 2010. The United Nations. MINORITY RIGHTS AND THE PREVENTION OF ETHNIC CONFLICTS. By Dr Fernand de Varennes. 22-26 May 2000. Web. 16 November 2010. The United Nations. The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights. Web. 15 November 2010.

Food Important Aspect In Our Lives Essay

Food an important aspect in our lives has always been affected by the way we distribute it. With proper channels we will be satisfied by our actions; we will all either benefit or loose. In the event that there is food shortage followed by poor distribution of whatever is available it leads to persistent starvations and can lead to death. In December 27, 2002 Mason Booth a Red Cross Organization staff writer wrote and I quote â€Å"There is nothing growing. Looking around the entire land is dry and barren. We only have enough food for the most severely affected people†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How many more are going to die until we have enough to feed you all? † From the report reading further we find out that the starvation at large results from lack of food situation. From this example of the report we discover that famine is a situation of chronic starvation and death. Like the conditions in Malawi, though several factors contribute to the situations are one and most important primary reason was a prolonged drought that withered harvests hence resulting to vast food shortages. The regions conditions at that moment were the worst, in the Southern Africa. Not only does the weather conditions affect productivity other factors have at large contributed to this situation. For instance, we get to know how famine is fueled by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In this region where at that moment HIV/AIDS prevalence rates were the highest and some countries more than 30% of the adult population was infected. It impacted on security where even if it’s a rainy season there is no good in preparation, nurturing and harvesting because there is no body to do this. There is also the question the rising demand for food between the population growth rates and death rate. There is more demand for food than the production rate or supplies can meet. In most cases natural calamities also are causes of famine and starvation as it is unfolded. 4Eugene Linden, The Winds of Change: Climate, Weather, and the Destruction of Civilizations. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006 58-67). Despite progress in taking up the right preventive measures the dire social and economic consequences are for a fragile nation-state felt in all aspects of life. 7(Poku, Nana and Whiteside Alan. The Political Economy of AIDS in Africa: Africa’s silent crisis / Nana K. Poku AIDS-related famine in Africa: questioning assumptions and developing frameworks / Alex de Waal Cultural hazards facing young people in the era of HIV/AIDS: specificity and change / Carolyn Baylies HIV/AIDS: the †¦ , New York: Publishing, Ltd. , 2004 38). We know that without food there is no peace of the mind hence many of the crises around. There is no end in sight to global food shortages and multiple crises from climate changes and energy and water scarcity. This has always intensified. 2William A. Dando, The Geography of Famine. (Haven: V. H. Winston, 1980 147-148) With the world’s population growing towards 9 billion by year 2050 demand for food is forecasted to rise to approximately 110% spread over the same period and beyond. At the same time due to global warming it has a negative impact in to the supply of fresh waters that are available to humans and for the crops. Poverty is also a factor to consider because of the developing world where people can not access or obtain adequate nutritional food for their families. Economically the constant securing of food consumes valuable time and energy of the people hence allowing less time to increase their productivity. 1Lisa Cliggett, Grains from Grass: Aging, Gender, and Famine in Rural Africa, (Washington, D. C: Cornell University Press, 2005). (97-99) With reference to the Asian, African and Latin American countries an approximate of 500 million people under what the World Bank describes as absolute poverty. In addition the breakdown in distribution mechanisms of food has also contributed at large. War situations have been a major factor. Citing an example of North Africa and Middle East it’s evident that war torn areas suffer greatly from shortages of food which eventually leads to famine and starvation. For instance massive human rights abuses in Sudan and most parts in that region have been reported as the major cause of famine. It is estimated that three million Sudanese food securities was destroyed by civil war and drought any they eventually became sufferers to this crisis. Due to human displacement, there are no serious agricultural activities and productivity reduces due to shift of focus in productivity to war. To date and more than two decades of civil clash and three years of severe drought, Sudan is still teetering on the brink of a severe food crisis. While the food stocks deteriorate and water boreholes drying up the conflict shows no signs of recovery. Countries are crippled by civil wars, drought, poverty, forced migrations, debt and poverty, forced migrations, debt and poverty. This in general has reduced the productivity rate due to labor shortages, volatile national security, erosion of the economic family bases and massive and insupportable demands on health and public services. 6Sorokin, Pitirim. Man and Society in Calamity: The Effects of War, Revolution, Famine, Pestilence upon Human Mind, Behavior, Social Organization and Culture Life. Toronto: E. P Dutton, 1942. 46-52). Moreover, using the example of Tibet during 1960-62 as a result of the Chinese invasion of 1950. There was food crisis. This is as a result of increase in the population and the changes imposed on Tibetan traditional agricultural production systems. The socio economic conditions in most regions or continent did not favor the Tibetians as a result of the Chinese government invasion. 3Frances, Joseph and Peter, World Hunger: 12 Myths, (Chicago: Earthscan, 1998 43-62) The Chinese Authority on their urge to develop Tibet economically required the peasants to switch crops to wheat, which never grew at 1200 feet height. As a result Tibetans died between 1959 -1961 as a result of persistent starvation. Failure of entitlements is a major cause of food crisis. For incidence as a result of Chinese invasions there were no humane relations due to Chinese policies. Although the traditional feudal system in Tibet seemed archaic to the Chinese who wanted to modernize the country and make use of it, it was in harmony with their environment. Resources can be scarce but famine and starvation can never be hard off if there are good distribution systems. The desire of the Chinese to wipe out the Tibet people lied to in equal distribution of food and resources. Citing another example of the My Lai Massacre that in the war in Vietnam. If compared to developing countries, at the moment developing countries are starving to death and the developed countries are getting worried of which kind of food should they buy or not, whether to eat or not. However, notable facts are that starvation results from both lack of food and from a continuous breakdown of distribution mechanisms. 4(Eugene Linden 194) Malnutrition and under nutrition which are the symptoms of starvation are generally caused by poverty. Globally if we compare massive surplus exists in Europe and the United States while the developing worlds have nothing. It is note able that there is lack of a proper distribution channel or mechanism. Developed countries have proper markets and produce high yields for their markets while developing countries agriculture is lacking from untreated diseases, food shortage, bad hygiene low capital and income inputs. This calls for a concern in the ways of productivity. 5Ronald E. Seavoy. Famine in East Africa: Food Production and Food Policies, (Washington, D. C: Greenwood Press, 1989. (82-84) Special attention has to be paid to the importance of increasing food production and productivity and open more clear distribution mechanisms without being controlled on other guidelines so as food can be made available affordable and quality. This in conclusion is to say the developed countries must pursue economic goals without the current levels of unacceptable environmental damage to themselves and other nations. Starvation resulted from both the lack of food and breakdown in distribution due to prevailing circumstantial situations. Further more, from history in Ireland between1845-1852 what in the modern world is called the great starvation of Ireland. Though the people of Ireland have suffered many hardships none could be compared to the devastation brought by the Irish potato famine. The disaster in the badly managed land was caused by the supremely wicked climate that the country was experiencing during that time, which had been fuelled by a mixture of social, political and the economic factors pushing it to the end. 4((Eugene Linden 196). The intentional by use of phytophora infestans from Europe and America led to these destructions. ((Eugene Linden 199). The following winter became unbearable for the already starving nation. The warranty of warmer air brought around by the westerly winds failed letting severe environmental conditions from Scandinavia and Russia and the severe cold failed, letting severe cold conditions from Scandinavia and Russia surpass the Ireland Island. Bad weather had its own share of bad effects ranging from malnutrition freezing temperatures aided in the spread of disease and ultimately death among the nation of Ireland. Diseases, starvations all contributed to more loss of manpower thus a reduction in productivity. 3(Frances, and Peter ,202-205) Death toll was on the higher side thus it was never recorded and the estimated number of deaths resulting from starvation was only estimated to be 1. 5 million people. Lack of proper medical administration and crop diseases control had resulted to this loss where mechanisms of distribution production have failed. This resulted to rise in the mortality rate up to 50% if there are no people who are going to be productive in future. This means there is no continuality hence more food shortages combining with other factors it would lead to starvation. During this disastrous time, the beginning of the starvation are said to be a â€Å"biometeorological phenomenon†. Developed countries like the British government who were expected to look upon the matter were slow and insignificant to no response. The economic policies that existed were unhelpful and the British parliament refused to make adjustments to provide for a national disaster. No food was offered to the starving people as along as there was food for sale. The economic polices that existed were unhelpful and the British parliament refused to make adjustment to provide for a national disaster. The relief food aid supplies from other countries could not reach their destination for the ships carrying them were intercepted before they could reach the badly hit situations. It emerged that there were divisions among Christians where Catholics were condemned by the peasants who had been forced to do so by the Protestants and could therefore not get food. Others were died of starvation due to water retention and lack of adequate nutrition. During this time of poor health living conditions promoted spread of diseases and all efforts were halted to finance improvements in long term seed distribution. Food storage entitlement was denied for the Irelands. Death rate during these predicaments had increased making the situations worse and by this time many had fled their country though came some kind of relief, and by this time another winter had come and gone, but in the year 1851 the famine subsided though majority remained at high risk. Social economic and political factors are that there were many repressive society conditions under which the Irish peasants were forced to hire with and as a result became dependant on one single source. Under colonialist each item that could be affordable became extremely expensive. ((Eugene Linden 202). Conclusion If the two major factors are combined using the various cited examples they are results to starvation and lead to other human death related conditions that cannot be avoided. In any case circumstances from one situation may change and could breakdown distribution channels of food or even land of proper healthcare. I feel that all factors and circumstances lead to one another with one result at the end. We should always watch our impacts in order to achieve a stable economy. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cligget, Lisa. Grains from Grass: Aging, Gender, and Famine in Rural Africa, Washington, D. C:Cornell University Press, 2005. Dando, William A. The Geography of Famine. Haven: V. H. Winston, 1980. Lappe, Francis M. , Collins, Peter and Rosset, Peter. World Hunger: 12 Myths, Chicago: Earthscan, 1998. Linden, Eugene. The Winds of Change: Climate, Weather, and the Destruction of Civilizations. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. Seavoy, Ronald E. Famine in East Africa: Food Production and Food Policies, Washington, D. C: Greenwood Press, 1989. Sorokin, Pitirim. Man and Society in Calamity: The Effects of War, Revolution, Famine, Pestilence upon Human Mind, Behavior, Social Organization and Culture Life. Toronto: E. P Dutton, 1942. Poku, Nana and Whiteside Alan. The Political Economy of AIDS in Africa: Africa’s silent crisis / Nana K. Poku AIDS-related famine in Africa: questioning assumptions and developing frameworks / Alex de Waal Cultural hazards facing young people in the era of HIV/AIDS: specificity and change / Carolyn Baylies HIV/AIDS: the †¦ , New York: Publishing, Ltd. , 2004

The Health Impacts Of Long Term Exposure Essay - 1157 Words

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Judaism, Christianity, And Islam - 902 Words

Many times people got into fights, end friendships, and become even violence because of some disagreements on matters of faith or religious. Sometimes knowing more about other religions might help people avoid conflicts between each other, and eventually might lead to living together peacefully. The most famous three religions -People of the book- are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Judaism is the oldest organized religion in the world; however, it only has 14 million followers around the world most of them centered in North America and Israel. Christianity, came after Judaism and have two billion believers around the world, and that’s about one third of the world population. Finally, Islam came after Judaism and Christianity. Even though Islam came afterwards, it spread quickly around the world, and today there are around 1.3 billion Muslims around the world. 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Project Essay - 699 Words

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Cost: when we are looking at the cost of the construction project we have to look through and have to consider all the stages of the design and the construction project this is part of the specification. It is very important to have the cost estimator involved right from the start of the project to ensure that the project budget reflects the decisions made by the project construction team throughout the integrated the design process. 2. Quality standard and legislation: quality is the part

Explain The Rise Of Civilization Essay Example For Students

Explain The Rise Of Civilization Essay Essay: Explain the rise of Civilization and include 3 basic features. A civilization is the starting point of a society. Civilizations have existed for millions of years and are the basic unit of structure for a society. Civilizations were the base of great societies such as Egypt and Rome. If not for civilizations these societies would not have flourished or even existed. A civilization is compiled of eight features. 1. Cities2. Well-Organized Central Government3. Complex Religions4. Job Specialization5. Social Classes6. Arts and Architecture7. Public Works8. WritingsCities are the central feature of a civilization. The first cities emerged shortly after farmers began cultivating fertile lands along river valleys and producing surplus foods. These surpluses allowed the population to expand. As population grew, some villages expanded into cities. These cities rose independently in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The conditions of river valleys favored farming in these and other such river valleys. Floodwater spread silt across the valley renewing the soil and keeping it fertile. Animals that drank from the river were also a source of food. The river also supplied the people with a regular source of drinking water and the means of transportation. However rivers also posed challenges. Farmers had to control flooding and channel waters to the fields. Early farmers built dikes, dug can als and also made irrigation ditches. Such projects required leadership and a well-organized government. A government was required to lead the people and aid in organizing a city. City governments were far more powerful than the council of elders and local chiefs of farming villages. At first, Priest probably had the greatest. In time, warrior kings came to power as chief political leaders. They soon set themselves up as the chief hereditary ruler and passed their power from father to son. Governments soon became more complex as rulers issued laws, collected taxes, and organizes systems of defense. To enforce order, rulers relied on royal officials. Over time, government bureaucracies evolved. Almost always rulers claimed their power came from god or divine right. These rulers then gained religious power as well. Like the Stone Age ancestors, most people were polytheistic. People appealed to the sun god, river goddess and other such spirits that they believed controlled natural forces. Other gods were believed to control human activities such as birth, death, trade and war. If not for these sometime simple things a civilization could never have come to. Rome and Egypt and other such great empires would never have exited. Man would just lead a nomadic, uncivilized lifestyle and the technologies we take for granted today would never have existed.

Watergate Affair Essay Research Paper The Watergate free essay sample

Watergate Affair Essay, Research Paper The Watergate Affair This analysis of the intelligence media coverage will concentrate on the Watergate matter which originally began on June 17, 1972 with the housebreaking of the Democratic National Committee Headquarters at the esteemed Watergate office composite in Washington D.C.. I will chiefly concentrate on the negative impact that media coverage had to the populaces oculus. This media coverage, although justified and appropriate for the state of affairs, finally destroyed the credibleness of Nixon # 8217 ; s disposal and the ability to run an effectual authorities which forced the first surrender of an American president. The history of the events at manus is as follows. The Nixon Administration financed a White House Special Investigative Unit called the pipe fitters. This unit was ab initio established under John Erlichmann a top White House adjutant, to? stopper? leaks from the White House to the imperativeness and consisted of former FBI and CIA secret agents. We will write a custom essay sample on Watergate Affair Essay Research Paper The Watergate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It comes to fact that these pipe fitters were involved in illegal housebreakings and wiretapping before the Watergate dirt. On June 17, 1972, the dark watcher at the Watergate composite discovered adhesive tape on the cellar doors of the composite. Five work forces were arrested that dark and began a series of enquiries and probes into the possible corruptness of White House Officials. ( Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, Volume 13, page 1603 ) Among those arrested on the dark of June 17, 1972 were James McCord Jr. , security coordinator for the Committee for the Re-election of the President ( CRP besides known as CREEP ) . ( New York Times, June 21, 1972, page 1, column 3 ) Immediately after the apprehensions, the intelligence media had already began initial accusals and offering possible motivations to the populace through statements like: ? There was go oning guess here and in the Cuban community in Miami that unnamed work forces, in or out of an anti-Castro organisation, had carried out a figure of politically sensitive operations to win the Governments understanding for 30,000 to 40,000 Cuban refugees populating in Spain. ? ( 4 Hunted in Inquiry on Democratic Raid, New York Times, June 21, 1972, page 44, column 1 ) On June 20, it came to the attending of President Richard Nixon that there were connexions made between the burglars and CRP and assorted White House forces. The president, on June 23, recommended that the CIA should forestall a FBI enquiry into the Watergate incident based on national security involvements. To no help, the FBI continued its probe and finally sifted through the labyrinth of paper trails and cover up. Evidence began to come up, indicating to the disposal itself. Recognizing the internal nature of this state of affairs, narratives began to look like this: ? No 1 was doing any accusals yet, but in the thick of a funny non-cooperation from the White House and the Committee for the Re-election of the President, the intuition grew that person non far from the centre of Republican power in Washington had engineered the Watergate Caper. ? ( Watergate, Contd. , TIME Magazine, August 14, 1972, page 21 ) As clip went on, more and more grounds had begun to come up. On September 15, 1972, the Justice Department obtained the indictments of seven work forces said to be implicated: James W. McCord, Bernard L. Barker, Eugenio R. Martinez, Frank A. Sturgis, and Virgilio R. Gonzalez, the five work forces originally arrested at the Watergate composite. Besides involved, and indicted were G. Gordon Liddy, head of the security unit called the? pipe fitters? and former White House adviser, E. Howard Hunt. These work forces were all charged with cabaling to interrupt in and works listening devices into the phone lines at the Democratic National Headquarters. One adult male, although implicated, was non charged. His name was Alfred Baldwin, an FBI agent who was a escort for John Mitchell, the run director, and his married woman. Mr. Baldwin had admitted to being assigned by James McCord to supervise and transcribe the transmittals from the illegal bugs. These written texts were so given to McCord who so turned them into memos that were distributed among gt ; the CRP. ( Investigations: Seven Down On Watergate, TIME Magazine, September 25, 1972, page 21 ) The financess used for this operation were authorized by one adult male, Jeb Stuart Magruder, who became one of Nixon # 8217 ; s commission # 8217 ; s deputy managers. Before fall ining CRP, Magruder was an helper to the President # 8217 ; s head of staff, H.R. Haldeman, so subsequently became adjunct to Herb Klein, Director of Communications. It has been said that Magruder was sent to Klein to descry on him for Haldeman. Magruder, was non charged or indicted because he thought the money was being used to acquire information about groups and dissenters who may seek to interrupt the Republican National Convention. ( Denials and Still More Questions, TIME Magazine, October 30, 1972, pages 18-19 ) The intelligence media continued to portray the event as a confederacy from the highest pinnacle of power within the United States. Although President Nixon was neer brought up on charges or indicted, the people decidedly had a general misgiving of the Nixon Administration. The negative image portrayed by the assorted intelligence media finally brought about inquiries of the legitimacy and moralss of the current presidential disposal. The televised commission hearings led by Ervin on unrecorded telecasting cast a visible radiation of criminalism onto the disposal. White House Plutos and helpers were questioned and regarded as common felons. Typical? playing up? by the media beginnings portrayed Nixon as besieged, his popularity sagging, his Administration near shambles, his reputation- and his hereafter, perilously on the line. ( And the Mess Goes On, Newsweek, September 25, 1972, page 16 ) Despite the negative media coverage, in all equity, there was some coverage of the President in defence. One article wrote: ? A few Nixon guardians have vehemently challenged the imperativeness # 8217 ; s function in Watergate. Last hebdomad, Franklin B. Smith, editorial-page editor of the Vermont Free Press predicted there would be a terrible recoil against the seamy imperativeness Mccarthyism and rational punksterism of those who mindlessly sought to rupture down a great President, a great office, and a great state # 8230 ; .zealous communicators on the trail of Watergate ignore the rule that artlessness must be presumed until guilt is proven. ? ( Defending Nixon, TIME Magazine, May 28, 1973, page 61 ) Much later in the probe, after declining to give up subpoenaed tapes and transcripts, claiming executive order, Richard Nixon himself, was ordered to give up the tapes. The President, although, demanded the Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General to fire the particular prosecuting officer bespeaking the tapes. Both work forces disagreed to make so and accordingly resigned. This state of affairs put the Administration into an awkward visible radiation and the President agreed to give up the tapes. On reaching of the tapes, they were found to be losing exerpts and information. On July 27, 1974, a commission recommended the impeachment of the president. To avoid about certain strong belief in the impeachment test, President Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. Gerald Ford, who was appointed Vice President after Spiro Agnew resigned, gave the former president an unconditioned forgiveness for all federal offenses he may hold committed. ( Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, Volume 13, page 1605 ) In decision, the Nixon Administration was finally overturned and destroyed due straight to the big sum of media coverage given to this event. Compared to the Teapot Dome, in which Warren Harding # 8217 ; s Secretary of the Interior was convicted with graft and sentenced to nine months in prison, the Watergate dirt was covered more due to the addition in engineering and the sum of imperativeness people involved. Although neer charged or tried for any offenses, Richard Nixon still remains one of the most ill-famed Presidents of our clip non because of the good he did wish backdown from Vet Am and passing of the Equal Rights Amendment, but for the negative intension still adherent to his profile as a leader. That intension is one of dishonesty and hocus-pocus. Equally long as the memory of Richard Nixon lives, so excessively, will his bequest of secretiveness. 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